PROVIDENCE. - Science Church Providence Catholic at the Vatican Council summarized in the following words (Dei Filius Constit.. c. I): "God by His Providence protects and governs all things he did, reaching down from one end to rozrządzając all mighty and graceful, because everything is against him discovered , even what is to become the result of a free action of creatures. "
divine providence is-a plan, provided by which God governs the world and leads him to his goals. But is there that such a providence? Does God governs the world, when it once created? But these governments Christmas over the world and relate only to the general purpose of the universe, or extend to every species of beings, every creature, every phenomenon? -It is the first question that we must respond.
We have, however, and the second is like. God brought the world out of nothing, in order to fulfill his goodness by filling their gifts to create, that is the purpose of the universe (now Article. Creation). So, if there is a providence, or should arrange everything for this purpose, a tera same token on the board of the world should be revealed God's goodness more than any other attribute of God, the world and should develop before our eyes alone goodness of God. So how is evil on earth? This is the second issue that we need to solve.
I. Providence Is there, or extends to all creatures and all their actions?
pointing forward relevant errors, and explain the interpretation thereof before the Catholic doctrine, of Providence, we prove its existence, as it will show in what manner the action agrees with the action of creatures.
I. Errors. - Ci which rejects the existence of God, do not recognize the same token, his Providence tem: their complaints responded to in Article. God. Providence also deny that those who believe God's action. it unnecessary for the development of the world, these are mostly ewolucyoniści for which the forces and laws of nature sąjedynemi działajacemi causes in the world. Racyonaliści again, if not abolish completely, then at least very limited Providence, based on the principle of having laws of nature and the independence of our free will, including the way they want to fight the existence or the possibility of miracles; the efficacy of prayer and participation of God in our actions.
the contrary, again, another type of error contradicts the creatures in the world and God himself just looking for the only cause of all phenomena that are happening in the universe. Yes soot panteiści (now Article. Pantheism), but they themselves succumbed to this error. It also reiterated Malebranche and supporters okazyonalizmu. Indeed Okazyonalizm makes God the only cause of being all things and creatures considered to be specimens only, and not the cause of true causal effects of the creatures that we assign. According to this theory, when a worker Rabie tree ax, and then burn them. then there is a worker, nor his ax, fire, or boil these effects, but God himself is sprawiałby cracking trees and replacing it on the ashes-it-yourself He just has to be the perpetrator of everything that happens in the world. Just the same, some heretics, sacrificing due honor our free will in deed worthy of salvation, they thought that the mere grace of God produces in us do so without any of our well known współpracownictwa.
II. Lecture and explanation of Catholic doctrine.
Catholic doctrine supposes in all the activities of creatures of God and the simultaneous operation of these creatures. The creatures are prawdziwemi causes of their actions, but only causes drugorzędnemi, that is, they operate their own power, however, that the Creator has given and preserved, and which 'is always influenced by the cause of the first.
Creator is the first cause of everything that is happening in the world. Not only that causes secondary receive from Him all that is their strength, but also that from Him they are what makes them work, a word of his action pass them from potency to act. For example, a bird to sing, you not only need to receive from God the organs of the body, wherewith it is endowed with, but also that still need to God, the first cause, made it to this bird could these organs of the body in motion and to fit taz cause cooperated with him, and let his voice be heard. Nothing in the world, even our actions, ideas, can not escape from the action of God, which permeates everything!
Let us add, moreover, that the God of all ages down to the finest details provides everything there will be in the running time. Well, because all things in this way depend on God, and have been provided by him before the creation, God has spread all either in nature or in life, behavior and history of individual people, societies and humanity, and creates a time and can produce everything arranged their plans for achieving the objectives that you ticked.
If our enemies understand the difficulty of this doctrine, it happens mostly to the fact that they do not understand how God works by his providence.
do not need to remember that in God there is only one eternal act, always the same, but which has the power to make the creatures - when you want - all the upheaval and all the transformations that pre-decided. It would mean that evil is understood the action of God, none in God, he thought any changes were similar to those that happen to us if anything we operate. God is not changing as we do, it produces in us all these changes the strength of his will invariable, eternal, infinite.
You do not have to imagine then, that the action of God interfere with the action of creatures. Not at all; creatures are real-I causes all their operations. This fire is burning, a bird sings, the free will of man free to decide anything, but God is the eternal efficacy of their decrees generates heat in the fire, singing bird and the provisions in our free will. Finally
gullies believed none believed that God the way we understand a whole lot of phenomena that follow each other here on earth. We create a limited, unable to think of each of these events separately, combine them in a certain whole, having one and the same characteristics. In this way we distinguish between families, species and genera, of which individual features can be found in by every selfhood, part of their acting. Likewise, we define the law, these same phenomena are realized at the same conditions. If we were to each individual being unable to refer to a species or genus, every individual phenomenon to some law, it is impossible-that we were in this universe to recognize the infinite variety of beings and phenomena, it would be impossible to understand or predict the development of world events, jakieby should become some under certain conditions. Thus we would not have neither the knowledge nor art, nor the industry, like the mindless animals, or even smaller, because we do not have those instincts, which they dozwalają avoid dangers, among which they live. - Each and every being, therefore, that we must refer to some laws, especially when you want to master the nature of our industry and force me to carry out our intentions. For example, raising his from a fact, the concept of general laws, under the general laws are marked roads, which are holding up the creation of a variety of phenomena, which cause or are witnesses. - But no, we believe our weak notions of concepts of God! God has a mind without boundaries. Therefore sees everything at once, without confusion and without fatigue - all creatures and all their activities until the 'smallest detail, nor does he need to deploy, it podług genera and species, or to make realize the general laws, which disposes performance. God could arrange the world the great multitude of entities, each of which would create a separate species, and would be subject to the laws of an entirely separate, with the full might of the probably derive some surprising results. But he liked to create the world differently, to create for the species, which comes a lot of individuals similar to themselves and mark the creatures of the general law, which are all being, endowed with the same qualities tymiż, retain, and in one and the same conditions. This therefore gave the universe the way, a distinct beauty, which is born of the wondrous unity, realizing the wonderful variety. In this way, by means of nature that permit the man to examine its strengths and become a king. But the
if a man for carrying out the creeping development has to resort to general laws, so it's obviously not going to God. Poorly pojmowałby Providence, none wanted to restrict it to exercise general laws, and its possible fulfillment odmawiałby anything, he told these laws is opposed. Providence refers to the details, and because of these details is the general law of the will of God there.
first consequence of these laws is that God for some higher good may from time to time to produce phenomenon that is inconsistent with these ogólnemi rights. (Now Article. Cuda).
Innem again corollary is that the general laws of the world are only an expression of divine Providence, that Providence is manifested by the mere exercise of those general laws, and that despite that same Providence that works in a different manner in every essence, which permits the target to achieve its distinct and which also contributes to the overall good of the universe.
III. Proving the existence of Providence.
for the existence of providence, as we have seen, is necessary and sufficient so as not to in the world has not incompatible with the plan, what God wanted for centuries the power of his will to the best, regardless of whether he used for the realization of his plan drugorzędnemi causes, or was its intervention on the grounds Temi. . Well, we have two ways to prove the existence of this Providence. We can show either on the basis of that wonderful view, which is developing before our eyes the whole universe, or on the basis of our message about the existence and attributes of God, but most will see the existence of Providence when, with both proving Herewith we compare those methods.
Zapewne, że porządek istniejący na świecie wystarcza do udowodnienia istnienia jakiegoś wyższego rozumu, który to wszystko urządza. Ale granice wiedzy naszej nie dozwalają, nam ogarnąć wszystkich zgodności wszechświata, a uczony, który nie zna Boga, nie zawsze może rozróżnić, czy ta zgodność, którą dostrzegamy, z konieczności przypuszcza plan z góry powzięty, czy też jest ona tylko poprostu mechanicznym wynikiem sił przyrody. Niemniej jednakże, świat nam przedstawia - jeśli nie w jestestwach prostych, to przynajmniej w jestestwach złożonych, zwłaszcza w organizmach żyjących, pewne kombinacye and a certain order, which seeks to order apparently preconceived and who believes that a wise builder sets in motion a blind force, being in the universe. It also confirms the existence of the apologists of the existence of God, infinitely wise Providence, who chairs the order of the world (now Article. God).
too, miracles, prophecy, and all God's complicity. okazujący after the laws of nature, proves the existence of Providence, he states that God acts in the world and achieves its goals it means, what he likes, but the reality, however, these facts is reliable, as we proved it elsewhere (now Article. Cuda. Church of Prophecy), it does not include her, those who reject the truth, about which we were involved.
Alrighty, then we will refer to our innate knowledge of God and His attributes, in order for such evidence to supplement and find that providence extends to everything here on earth. And, indeed, not difficult to prove that everything that exists, there is a way of creation, that God is the author, is also easy to say that every creature maintains its existence only through will of God, because this will be labeled as the qualities of both the duration of each being. This too can be said that keeping natures of God is the constant of their creation. And indeed, the dependence of creatures from his Creator is not lower after its formation, than was the moment when they received there, and one and the same act of power and the will of God brought them out of nothing, and keeps being. It is also true that nothing real is not produced in the world, he told there was no effect of God's will: she is in fact granted, and constantly keeps his creatures everything in them is siłę i działalność. Bóg zatem wykonywa całą swą zwierzchniczą władzę nad wszystkimi bytami i nad wszystkimi ich czynami, nawet najbardziej wolnymi, i to nie tylko w tem znaczeniu, że zakreśla prawa, jakich te byty trzymać się winny, lecz także w tem znaczeniu, że jest On przyczyną, sprawcą tego wszystkiego, co jest rzeczywiste w tych bytach i w ich czynnościach, i że On ułożył całość świata, włączając te ich czynności do swoich planów. Przy pomocy zatem swej Opatrzności, z pod której się nic nie usuwa, rządzi Bóg jestestwami nieżyjącemi i żyjacemi, istotami wolneini, the various peoples and all humanity. It also "know God, says Bossuet (Traite de Libre Arbitre. Ch. III) as a being who knows everything, which provides everything that takes care of everything, which makes what he wants with hers, and the creatures which they should relate all the events of the world . If this is the order of divine providence did not include the creation of free, it odejmowałoby its power of what is most brilliant in the universe, it is rational creatures. "
" But whether he can not say that the dependence of the creature should extend only to the very things that are, not to the manner and form of their being? - God forbid you can not say this, because the ways and forms of being, the temperature in them belongs to the same being, must necessarily come from the first Being. For example, that there is such a body shape or that there is such a pozycyi, it is certainly the existence of a thing for sure is that the body has such a system because the system is in it czemś true and real, because for his first reason should have a general cause of all that is.
"And when he says that God is the cause of everything that is, the aim of reducing the sentence to substancyi alone to the exclusion of their mode of being, it would be necessary to say that in reality only the bodies come from God, but no movements of those bodies, or their conditions existence nor their various devices, which, after a, the whole world order.
"Since the need for there to be a creator of conditions and the equipment of certain bodies that make up the stars and elements, how you think that there was no need for that same artist odnosić warunków i urządzeń, które się dostrzega między ludźmi, to znaczy: ich towarzystwa, ich państwa, ich wzajemnych zależności, na czem przecież polega cały porządek rzeczy ludzkich?
„Tak więc sam rozum okazuje, że nie tylko każde jestestwo samo przez się istniejące, ale każdy porządek jestestw musi pochodzić od Boga, i że, tem bardziej jeszcze, porządek rzeczy ludzkich musi od Boga pochodzić, ponieważ bowiem stworzenia wolne są bezwatpienia najszlachetniejszą cząstką wszechświata, przeto najbardziej na to zasługują, aby Bóg niemi rządził.”
So everything: both the law of the physical world, provided by the stars move in space, as the laws governing these movements, transformations and chemical composition of physical bodies, the laws governing the birthing, development and disappearance of individuals and species in the plant kingdom and the kingdom jzwierzęcem, instincts, which we admire in insects, the birds and all living beings, human reason, the law, which are formed by our thoughts and our free acts, our knowledge, inventions, art, our conduct, the order of society, the lives of individuals and associations, development peoples, passing the scene of the world, the elevation of humanity to the supernatural, the incarnation of Christ the Lord, our redemption, the proceedings of the Church in all ages, some everlasting happiness - in short, everything is in its own way the fulfillment of the highest will of the Almighty.
"Do not talk, therefore, says Bossuet (Discours sur 1'Histoire unwerselle, liv. III. Ch. VIII), do not talk anymore about the case, fate, or just talk about it, as the name, which we cover our niewiadomość "" What a coincidence to our uncertain intentions, it is ordered plan the higher the intention, the intention is in this century, which embraces all causes and all effects in one and the same order of things. This way, everything tends to one and the same goal. "
Wherever not involved somehow being free, everything is subject to the laws of nature, and these rights are only a plan that God has ticked materyalnemu world. Will turn away from that as an absolute determinism, not less, however, even the most content of their actions so far, it is effectively the influence of God, surely that finally does what he has foreseen.
Bossuet'a still listen, which was like a cornered mind Providence (ibid): "This long chain of individual reasons, which makes and breaks the state depends on the secret orders of divine Providence. From the heights of heaven, God holds the reins of all the kingdoms, all the heart holds your hand in her impurity, passion, pauses again, then again let go their bits, and thus moves the entire human race. If you want to make winners, fear makes biedź before them, and they themselves and their soldiers to give the spirit of invincible courage. If lawmakers want to do, sends them to the spirit of wisdom and prudence; orders to prevent them disasters, threatening the state, and set up the foundations of public peace. He knows far reaching human wisdom, enlighten me, then, expands its horizons, and then leaves it in her own ignorance, blinded her, turns and stirring: if it winds up, mixed up and lost in their own subtleties, and its own care sometimes, sometimes its toils. In this way, exercised their God awful podług courts always infallible principles of His justice, He is preparing the reasons for the effects of very remote and it works so strongly that the consequences of this action go very far! That same Providence also distributes a supernatural grace to people who lead them to salvation, they performed against their kindness, mercy or justice, and it passes the time of trial, punishes sinners and rewards the merits of the saints forever. She listens to it every day of our prayers, and his intentions and his command is manifested by the prophecy, revelation, and miracles. "
IV. Which way to Providence agrees with the action of creatures.
The question is whether this action of God that all things of the world leads, abolishes the therapeutic effects same token creatures? We said above that so many thought. Racyonaliści Some believe that Providence will not work if the act creating the contrary okkazyonaliści again insisted that wherever providence works, it causes secondary to disappear. Proponents of these systems, a kind of wyobraziwszy quarrel between God and creatures, the court invoked its return and was sentenced, pursuant to which: racyonaliści locked in a tight Providence boundaries and brought her the most to the utter powerlessness, and peeled okkazyonaliści creation of any causality.
To refute the theory of these will be enough to note that Providence manifests itself in both the secondary effect of natural causes, as in the works of the supernatural, and that the dispute, which some people imagine, does not exist and can not exist.
And indeed, in the world, we can distinguish five types of facts: the fact lo natural, independent of the free will of creatures, 2-a natural fact, dependent on the free will of each individual unit; 3-0 social phenomena and events historical, involving the wiele oddzielnych wól wolnych i przyczyn bezwolnych, 4-0 skutki modłów, wysłuchanych przez Boga, 5-o cuda, objawienia i inne dzieła, których stworzenia nie mogą naturalnym sposobem wytworzyć, a któiych Bóg jest jedynym sprawcą.
l-o Działanie Opatrzności w wydarzeniach naturalnych, które nie zależą od wolnej woli stworzeń. - Zagadnienie to jest najłatwiejsze odnośnie do skutków naturalnych, nie podlegających wolnej woli stworzeń. Wszystkie te skutki wytwarzają się w sposób stały i zgodny z pewnemi określonemi prawami. Nauka przypisuje te skutki stworzeniom bezwolnym, których participation is a necessary condition for the achievement of these effects.
okkazyonaliści Although Malebranche and denied that the creatures were actually causes these effects, but this error is a long time before, "said St. temperature. Thomas Aquinas. Since substancya creatures have a real existence, but dependent on God, and because these creatures are only by the strength of which receive from God and by his participation, too much yet, because all creatures operations fall within the scope of the plan, which God has chosen for centuries and how by these creatures, and together with them is realized, and therefore also their activity is no less real and effective.
wszystkłem After the temperature is impossible to understand how these can be. rights complaint against the natural look of divine Providence, because these laws are an expression of a providential plan, circled jestestwom, the rights of those subsidiaries. It is impossible to understand how it can be assumed that our study did not agree with the discoveries of modern knowledge, when we question the findings can only further wtajemniczyć the knowledge of this wonderful plan.
vain we also oppose risky teorye ewolucyonizmu and transformizmu (Now the Article.), Because even though they have been proven, and in that case is still mean it's just that they express certain rights which God has ticked the universe.
Any development would, therefore, the phenomena of this world, Providence is a dogma which must necessarily be adopted, because the development in question depends on the content of the provisions which God gave for centuries, and the creation of any reason peeled, unwittingly wykonywają.
2-for action of Providence in the liberal provisions of the units. - Free acts are also human and divine providence in the fall eternal plan, which God himself has ticked. It requested the sorts of the heretics, that those acts are not free, atolls, Catholic teaching has always maintained that the partnership of God and His eternal judgments leaves, or rather give them complete freedom of human acts. "Nothing, says Bossuet (Traite du libre Arbitre ch. IV), can not entitle us to doubt these two important truths, and because the second one and prove that such data, which we can not deny. Whoever knows God, can doubt that his Providence, as well as omniscience does not extend to for everything, and whoever thought to slightly over himself, with such visibility will know their freedom, that nothing could overshadow the concepts and feelings, what about the freedom of his has, and will see clearly that these two things: freedom of the will and providence of God , so necessary for reasons based, can not thwart a second ... Instead, therefore, undermine one of the other, we should keep our thoughts so that nothing zaciemniało very distinct idea what any of them have. I would not be surprised if we do not know how to reconcile very well with each other. Indeed it would come from the fact that we would not know how God is leading our freedom - for that is not us, but his concerns, and the secret of the Lord God himself could zastrzedz, not doing harm to us. "
secret is the mystery of who tried to shed some light two famous theological systems: Thomists and Molinist. Podług Thomists, God moves our free will in action, making it not necessary, however; podług Molinist and, God, in order to achieve their objectives. the things of the world wszystkiemi board takes on the disposition our will to know, and this will free provision, which provides for centuries, because sanitation is the time abroad, and the future, present and past are one and him czemś tem Sam.
Yet neither one nor the other system does not solve the problems completely:
We recognize, therefore, that difficulty does exist, but does not say that the doctrine of Providence was opposed to the science of liberty, we say that we do not know how to learn from these two each match, and this includes the secret order of those that we withhold if we want to say the last word the truths of the most proven.
Bossuet, wyliczywszy lot of truths which are obvious, some pages show up in full view, and the others remain in shadow, thus concludes: "When we take the reasoning, we should first take for unquestionable that we can in a very sure to know many things, such, in which however we do not understand all the interdependencies and all the consequences. Hence-it goes this first principle of logic that you should never have abandoned the truths of time are already known, any zdarzałaby the difficulty in reconciling them with themselves, but on the contrary, we must always, so to speak, that the strong hold the two ends of the chain, although not always considered to be a measure which way to pass the intermediate cells "(Ibid).
3-o action of Providence in the phenomena of social and historical circumstances in which the fugitive is not a lot of freedom and other causes. - If God can weave free actions of each individual unit in the providential plan, which directs the development of the universe, how much is him pulling możliwsze This same plan in all cases and all social phenomena, Thread forming historyi peoples and of humanity! After all, even the politicians of men, whose eyes in comparison with the infinite knowledge of God so far back, too, the same events are able to provide any, and the lead! And the reason for these accidents is usually a great amount of ox-free, and the crowd making it the largest number of units will undoubtedly passions, which the crowd hurl, or what one could to awaken the heart of these units.
therefore wrongly accuse our opponents of Catholic historians for historical fatalism that these pragmatic historians see in the history of nations to fulfill God's intentions. Sometimes wrongly assume that the Catholic teaching that God assigns the management of states and nations, requires that God has worked at any time to give it another run accident, than that which they have-by due to the combined action of human free will and the conditions under which the This will draw, as well, that God came down from the path of historical figures and peoples, which govern these events. God, who knows the ages of people dispositions and their most secret thoughts, for which the most complicated calculations plaything of politicians are a simple, God is, say, can be accomplished in the history of his plans, people act dozwalając podług their passions and interests, and guiding them unerringly to its target after these roads, which bring their natural way of accidents. Providence, therefore, no more forcing God to a more direct going into the development of humanity, rather than the development of the solar system. After all, God gave mankind the right as much as they gave the stars, just as spread out all the circumstances in which he was born to preach, live and die conquerors, legislators, philosophers, scientists, those who had come to the womb of societies and peoples to create, to argue about ownership of land, and prepared all the elements that have taken supply of matter celestial bodies, planets and solar system. So it does not bother God has already determined in advance of human development and the procession of the planets. People only themselves wykonywają plans, God freely, while Matera satisfies them passively. This too, however, sometimes gets into a different God in the development of the world, that's mostly governed by the laws of the nations he only once established. Nobody will not be surprised when you read what we have said about the manner in which God used to listen to our prayers (now ar. Prayer), and when I remind myself that God podług Catholic doctrine for the Church najprzedziwniejszy of his privileges, the privilege of infallibility, not . participation by any miracle, but only by a simple asystencyę, dozwalającą act natural causes, arranging everything in such a way that niedopuścić error in the teaching of the Pope and all bishops. Those who examine historyi philosophy, political economy and social sciences, be able to discover certain rights of society, tribes, peoples and all mankind, and these rights are only just an expression of God's providential plan.
4th Providence of God and the efficacy of prayer. All we ask God to take account of the plan, provided by whom the world is developing. Allegations raised concerning the efficacy of prayer is served in a separate article in prayer.
5th action of Providence in miracles, in the revelations, the prophecies, and other similar supernatural works. - Works of God are prepared without any participation of secondary causes. In other places the "Dictionary" prove (now Article. Cuda), that these supernatural works are feasible and that perfectly match the qualities and bożemi In other works.
Therefore we confine ourselves here only to mention the supernatural works fall within the providential plan which God has chosen from all eternity. Even the first place is, they are in it, because God has called all people to the supernatural. This is also the words of St. podług. Paul, God does everything for his chosen. For this is the Jewish people and the Catholic Church, despite the little ones of materyalnych, occupy such a big place in the history of the world. Not surprisingly, therefore, that podług revelations, the work of the prophets, God was then shattered huge monarchies to keep the people of Israel and to prepare for sowing the Gospel of the countries that adopt it first Gospels were.
II. Is there is nothing good in this world, and how the existence of evil in agreement with the best action of Providence?
I. The question of the existence of evil in the world.
Nothing can not evade the action of Providence, as we have shown above it. Moreover, God created and maintains the world only to redress his goodness and to give something finite creatures of the goods that they are in His infinite essence (now art-creation "). I think. And that, of these principles can be inferred that here in the world everything is good and that evil can not exist here.
Unfortunately, the experience does not agree with the conclusion that reasoning. Bad characters in tysiącznemi exists in the world. We are not talking about the evil that I have called metaphysical is the lack of absolute perfection in creation: but no, this is not evil creatures by nature limited, it would be wrong only in God. It's too bad common human reason does not include the metaphysical real misery. But the evil which is a real lack, which recognizes the reality of the world presents to us in many forms and rozlicznemi. Tem are evil creeping in all the imperfections that they do not suit their purpose dozwalają; natures endowed with sensitivity is-that sorrow, in creeping is rational and free-to sin or violation of duty; evil tem is even more a part zadowolnienia or suffering, inappropriate to the merits of individuals, societies and nations.
II. Poor solution to the problem.
This view of evil that hinders the spread of good in the world, has led to the thinking of many sects, that God is not only the first beginning of all things. Once for God, because they invented some element of the eternal, who attributed the formation of a wrong. Such is the theory professed by Manichean dualism.
sense of countless suffering, overflowing the existence of animals and humans has given rise to another dziwaczniejszemu still error, pessymizmowi. This doctrine, formulated by the house had long-Dimas, has found adherents among contemporary philosophers in Germany. Give it a separate article. (Now Article. "Pessymizm). And here is enough to say that teorya pessymizmu believes that generally the sufferings experienced in the world, is infinitely greater than the general prosperity, which thread the existence of beings .. Thus, according to pessymistów, there will be evil, and the root of everything he had to give it existence for unieszczęśliwienia these entities, rather than to produce them his goodness.
contrary again, provided by the opinion of optimists, the world is to be as good, due to the fact that the wisdom of God leads him to put the universe of all perfection and all the good that creatures are able to adopt. Learning that he delivered Leibnitz, and even among contemporary philosophers find its supporters: Francis Bouillier, having written before the defense des sciences philosophiques Dictionaire, Art. Optimism, this gives her summary: "As the highest degree wise, yet extremely powerful, God can not not to make the best, world, therefore, as the work of His hands, should be the best of all possible worlds. But the best of all worlds, God acts perpetrated against which reveals, is the best in terms of all things, and not in terms of the details of these, the best due to the universe, and not because of the separate worlds or distinct species of beings, it is best not relating to the creation of such, what it is, but to that which it continually happens, the total, with all nieokreślonemi progress, which the germ that world contains. Regard today's world for the best, steady and unmoving, it would-to put the boundaries of the omnipotence of God, God is worthy of only the only the best of all worlds, which no degree of perfection, no degree of time or space is not restricted. "
Also Malebranche believed that the world created by God, should be the best possible, but the philosopher oratoryański rerouted the highest perfection of the incarnation of the Son of God, that is the source of the supernatural.
III. The real solution to this problem.
said already elsewhere (now Article. God, Creation), the eternal root of things is unique, and that temperature must be rejected Sam Manichaean dualism, to which we add further that the universally accepted doctrine of the Catholic Church says that in reality the world is good, but that it is not best possible, and especially that God, when he decided to create, in a multitude of possible creatures have the freedom to choose those that liked him, bringing into existence.
IV. Evidence that the world must not be the best possible.
l evidence. We prove in the article Creation, that God brought the world out of nothingness, there being no need for the forced, and that for wytłómaczenia act of creation is enough to create a piece received some being created ..., said that, each particle being created is in itself good.
second Plea optimists. In the name of Leibniz's optimism, Francis Bouillier makes such a plea science of complete freedom in choosing the natures of God, more or less good, they decided to create. "This doctrine, he says (ibid.), form only differs from indifferent freedom Duns Scot, and the same brand reaches conclusions. And indeed, there no middle ground between optimism and freedom, with all its iudyferentną fraud. If there is a better world from the position of God's will, then stocks immediately apparent that the will of God is indifferent to any motive, and that at every opportunity it can be equally decisive for or against. Thus, any consideration of the cause of purposeful, the order and wisdom, then it must give way not only in physics but also in metaphysics, since we have no assurance that God is translated as wiser over what is less clever, and order over disorder. You will have to believe that God could and that still may do just the opposite to what he did, change the bad into good and error in the truth. "
third The answer to the charge of optimists.
answer, then, that although his tastes podług God created all being, he could not do what is in itself impossible, or contradictory, and the temperature same token, there are certain rights, from which he could not release the creatures, and they are that emerged from the very essence divine, the principle that one and the same thing can not both be and not to be.
Under this principle, all creatures should be present depending on God, because to be created, ie the same as for the existence, dependent on the will of God. Under the same "principle of opposites, all creatures should have a piece there that is good, because what does not is something, can not exist. Finally, always on the basis of that principle, as long as each establishment should retain its istotowe property until he maintains the existence of God, because it can not forfeit these qualities, while not ceasing to exist. For this it was God in the creation of things can not change bad into good, or error in the truth.
These are so right that God, even according to Duns Scot, from the need to keep the production and preservation of the world. But these rights apply equally to all beings possible, the better, both as to the less good, and the temperature was allowed to God the same token, better leave beings in the void, and the existence of beings to give less good. God was thus able to create a world in which entities would be less, and the same token, temperature and less perfection than our today's world. God has no need of creatures for the full of his own nature he is a word and meet all of its attributes.
wisdom of God appears to him all possible worlds; permits the omnipotence of Him they realize that he wants, from among all those worlds and he liked to create our world. Let us judge not atolls to external works as God gave us wisdom and power of God, because what's done can not be the measure of what is infinite. However, if our world was possibly the best, if he is in such a impose a creative way of God's will that she-would not be able to create a better world from him, then the world today would give wisdom and power as God, and such claim would lead us to the view that the world today is no less infinite, or less necessary than God, yes understood optimism otwierałby gates pantheism.
For the same reasons I do not dictate to God the Incarnation, as the indispensable complement to the creatures of excellence, is also optimistic Malebranche'a opposes the teaching of Catholic theology.
V. Evidence that the world is good, despite the evil that happened to meet him.
first first source of excellence, diversity and interdependence of natures. - God could create only one entity is not subject to change; could also create selves without the interaction of one to the other. In meadows creation there would be no order, because the expected order of unity in diversity, but it would not be and disorder, because disorder is sometimes just where it should be in order. God decided to create their atolls creatures under different conditions: he wanted namely, to provide not only being, but also that the ability to develop and impact on other entities. At the same time and wanting to give the creatures only a very limited participation in its perfections and its power, multiply them up to form a number of multiple species, and each species has enriched a lot of individuals that live in jestestwach go through several transformations. In this way, when every creature is revealed to us cośkolwiek of excellence and power of God, the intellect and wisdom of God manifest themselves chiefly in the miraculous effects resulting from actions skombinowanych the multiple natures. We lack the space here to highlight the compatibility of all creation. Well, however, will recall at least some of these miracles, and then explain the origin of evil in this world.
Creation, before the eyes naszemi scattered, made up of four kingdoms, some of the latter subject, and thus arranged according to the higher selves with hers odrębnemi combine the properties of ownership, common to all representatives of the lower realms. These four kingdoms are-are: mineral kingdom, made up of beings, deprived of their authority to develop , and temperature and the same token, life, plant kingdom, consisting of living natures that are developing, but they are peeled from all sensory; animal kingdom, consisting of living and sentient beings, but with no reason and freedom; ki'ólestwo human, complex of living beings, sentient, rational and free, representatives of the latter are endowed with the kingdom, power, extending to everything: they dispose of the forces of nature almost podług their pleasure, they are able to know God and His infinite qualities, they even have power to waive the the laws of justice and virtue, with which they are assigned, so that acting freely, they are the real cause of a good thing to do. Moreover, faith teaches us that the temperature over the human realm, there are hierarchies of angels, the spirits pure complex. That same faith tells us that the creation of rational and free, men and angels, are called to the supernatural life, which is a mysterious complicity in the very life of God, and forming a separate order after the natural order of things.
Well all being, included in the mentioned major divisions, thus influence each other one on the creatures that seem to be more wydziedziczonemi, participate in the work of those creatures that occupy the first rank, as also that the supreme beings can flourish only with the participation of the least perfect beings. Thus, plants can live only adopting the substance of plants and other animals, man needs the body, similar to the animals' body to his soul something reasoned and decided rather freely, the supernatural life of grace is inoculated with the birthright of our lives and life transforms the elements does not undermining them. A light, non-substancyą itself, but simply a random order materyalnego owned, it operates on our vision and puts us in a communication with the stars, krążącemi at infinite distance from the ground. So this way, being and causes the most minor deal for its major effects in the greatest works of creation, and despite their constant play and very diverse, all these causes of the extraordinary unity of harmony with one another., So that they come down weird stuff, which we ourselves witnessed we are.
jestestwami In this plan, wytwarzającemi directly works perfect, are those being, to be utilized much complicity secondary causes, and because those works are the supreme aim of these beings, therefore, are higher selfhood, in the numerous secondary causes of the measures are essential to achieving its purpose. It is not without basis pozytywistowscy philosophers formulated this law: that selfhood is perfect because of their ability rozliczność, the authorities and organs of the body. While the excellence of created a selfhood does not follow from the fact of the complexity of these activities, since most perfect our actions, such as our courts and our actions are free or very simple, and produce only the rational side of our soul, but our world is the way it is fashioned, that a great number of reasons for preparing the finest action and activities of these is sometimes provided: hence it follows that the supreme selfhood usually tend to be organized so that the largest number of action are the reasons. In other words, since the goal of higher creatures in our world is the visible perfect, God has given them more resources to achieve this goal, for that God also had to equip them in numerous capacities. This is also the man who is the king of creation on earth, is meant in its measures, it dozwalające utilize all the forces that we earth hides in itself. Hence, to take this constant and ever increasing advances in the field, industry and inventions.
2-o. The second source of excellence: the constancy of the laws of nature.
Innem source of excellence for our world, the world such as that created by God is the constancy of natural laws jestestwach insane.
With this stability we are confident that everywhere and always in the same circumstances recur, the same phenomenon. This constancy gives us the opportunity to predict the effects that are beget of certain forces in the game made by nature or by our ingenuity, constancy, this permits the us to avoid the dangers threatening us, and conquer all living and inanimate selves into our will.
Stability is also is not without some benefit to the life and behavior of animals, however, because a blind instinct of dumb rules, and although they are only podnietom pleasure or pain, it reminds them of their memories of comfort, or what it has brought them to this cause. So flee or avoid the cause, or whether it resulted in them suffering or pleasure, you see, because the laws of nature are constant and the same cause always produces the same effect, because those animals in these purely sensory poddawaniach from memory and nawyknieniach, that these repeated subjecting them produced, are very serious measures conduct themselves and their species.
also easy to understand that because the plants are anchored to the ground, from which arose, and that the temperature same token, they can not go look elsewhere for poniyślniejszych for his life and development conditions, therefore, but from other creatures, they need to make these favorable conditions ensured the stability properties of the natural environment. in which they develop. So
constancy of natural laws, not less as a variety of beings, contributes to the perfection of this world, thanks to this variety because of the constancy selfhood are higher in lower jestestwach indispensable aids to achieving its goal.
3-o. The third source of excellence: the sentimentality of man and animal. - In addition to the complexity of the organs of the body and their means of cognition, the need was even higher jestestwom a separate zdolości, któraby prompted them to avoid what it away from their goal, and to seek what is the purpose of that it brings. This ability is a separate animal or a feeling of vulnerability, (appetitus sensitimis), which allows them to experience pleasure or pain, where, as objects with which these animals are of any communication, respond or not respond to their needs.
4-0. The fourth source of excellence, intelligence and free will, man. The sensitivity of feeling that is accompanied by human reason and free will. Free will put us over our sensitivity stimuli and permits the data podług us to operate our minds. With free will we avoid determinism owed over all jestestwami, forcing them to serve our purpose by his own tastes, and, finally, we operate with this total independence, which all our acts, gives moral value, they will not ever have a work resulting from the fatalistic blind forces of nature games. Thus, our actions are virtuous and deserving, and give us the right to happiness. From this it follows that blessed immortality, we will enjoy the Saints, will not only be a supernatural work of God, but also the work of the hands of their own, and the crown owed their virtue.
5-o. Evil born mostly in the four sources of excellence of the world. - Excellence, therefore, various natures, from which the world is fashioned, mainly derived from four causes: lo of diversity and interdependence of creeping; 2-for the constancy of natural laws; 3-o of sensation or sensitivity of the animals; 4-for with reason and free will of man. From the constancy of the laws of nature-and the resulting interdependence of creatures, both those atrocities, niekształtności, disease, producing in some jestestwach, such as earthquakes, floods, storms, fires and all kinds of disasters in which human life and happiness is sometimes sacrificed to the forces of blind, which the latter person can not resist. Sensitivity-that is, it is a source of animal feeling pain, without which even death itself would be regarded as leaving the values \u200b\u200bof life, not as evil in its proper sense. Finally, higher-is part of our soul, its courts, and the provisions of bad rozjaśnionymi niezależnemi too, throws us into mistakes and sins. Because so
These causes are a source of excellence of the world, and especially man, the noblest of its citizen, because they produce good reasons for an incomparably greater than the evil which is dictated, therefore, they may want to remove the causes of the world it would mean the world to keep such massive damage ..
good, therefore it providence that sustains them even if their effects are harmful to some individual jestestwom.
6-0. Evil is a great source of many goods. - Anyway, all the world is so arranged as, that there were no separate bad one, with no apparent któregoby some good greater than that which is evil is the lack of it. Niewiadomość our often does not allow us to understand this, but clearly we see everywhere is cheap, where scientific research has shed any light.
impossible to doubt the temperature in relation to the world materyalnego. We saw above that, without the constancy of natural laws of both man and animals could not żyćby. When the grim consequences of these rights are lost any living creature when you deprive them of a body organ or any consolation, it deprives They are only the existence of goods which it owed to the same laws. Let us add, moreover, that the fear of the dangers jakiemi physical nature threatens us, sometimes one of the most effective stimulation of knowledge and human industry. If God wanted to transform our world today, if in this way calculate the effects of the rights established by that person on their part had nothing to suffer, then the person making any surrounded by security, not omieszkałby forfeit all profits which, thanks to the action of his mind, and soon the whole of humanity ujrzanoby fullest plunged into ignorance, najbezwstydniejszej sloth in the most humiliating and immorality.
Likewise, and for the same reasons, sorrow, combined with sensory deprivation of property right, sometimes the cause of our activity and our spiritual greatness. This, even if it were generally creeping sorrows of living was higher than that generally their pleasure, pain would be even good, because it is a condition of the goods of higher order than good sense. But the pleasure is in all beings place far more significant than pain (Now Article. Pessymizm). Besides the human grief suffered by virtue ... receives a value such that the pain that makes it one of the greatest goods of this world.
error is the same as a good source boles'ć. Fear of confusion to our attention and stimulates excites us to seek the truth.
himself only sin or moral evil we can not directly provide any benefits, but such is the condition for the good of the greatest of all, because the possibility of sin is the consequence of our free will by which najlichszy of people is the master of his acts meets virtue, deserves eternal life and contribute more glory to God, rather than all together to create unreasonable. Moreover, sin can be in us the virtues of separate source, such as repentance, and an incentive to perform duties previously neglected. If sin is rebellion against God. Yet it gives God the opportunity to demonstrate his justice and mercy nadewszystko. This is also the goodness of God, especially when we consider our redemption by Christ the Lord, seems to us more worthy of admiration for the man the sinner, rather than on the innocent. And so there could still Bóg wydobyć dobre ze złego. (Ob. art. Zło).
7-o. Wnioski: Zło nie niweczy doskonałości ogólu wszechświata. - Zło zatem nie przeszkadza dobru i doskonałości ogółu świata. I owszem przeciwnie, niedoskonałości, jakie nam przeciwnicy nasi przeciwstawiają, w pewnych poszczególnych wypadkach, wynikają. właśnie z wypełniania się praw, stanowiących piękno wszechświata. Niedoskonałości te są złem w odniesienia do jakiegoś poszczególnego jestestwa, jakie rozważamy, ale nie w odniesieniu do całości stworzenia. Jest-to złe dla drobnego zwierzęcia, ginącego in the teeth of a lion, but trzebaż to the lion find food for themselves. Is-that awful bad for a man to fall into mortal sin, but for the human race-it is the size of this formal freedom, which includes the ability to evade the laws of morality.
We might add that even among his victims always evil exists only as a case of good, that since God is the creator of whatever is in us is real, because the evil which is merely the absence of being, can not be attributed to God, especially in creatures holidays that are masters of the choice between good and evil, but These comments are superfluous metaphysical in our proof, and this is what we have said sufficiently shows that evil does not destroys the perfection of the world, and that explains the same era, and only the features of that excellence, without any need to resort to an understanding of its existence until some reason, the independent of God.
8-0. The answer to some distinct difficulties. - Despite everything, however, still remains a difficulty for us, for któraśmy has not yet given a response. Podług what we have said above, all accidents, and those that begin to happen in accordance with the laws, as well as Those that have these laws Resist!, in a word all - this is regulated by a providential plan. Did God, however, who wants to take on account all the merits and who desires the salvation of all the sons of Adam, or the God, I'm actually in this way he put the accident in order to obtain this goal a double? The pact does not seem to be proved. For, what we see in reality? Often luck smiles to those who live in the crime, while pain surrounds a virtuous human life. The grace of faith and the grace of repentance to the sky opening up, sometimes often given to what had proved unworthy of them, while it seems that they are denied to those who throughout his life, keep the commandments of natural morality.
Once again the lives of individuals go on to historyi societies podobnyż view naszemi mites before his eyes. And when we reflect on the development of all mankind, would it be able to say that historical events turn the people toward the Church of Christ? Since the beginning of the world and even from the birth of Christ the Lord the highest proportion of people live without knowing the true religion, and now racyonalizm massy floods folk belief that seemed to cover most of its lagoon.
Here in a nutshell, our answer is:
As regards individuals, it is God's mercy in her impurity does not punish all crimes, if they had followed this law, and who would dare him to do is find fault? But it rewards all the merits. Yet, only eternal life is sometimes of great prizes. From this, therefore, what we see here, impossible for us to assess the conduct of God, tera more, he admits that sometimes in this world of wealth, respect from the general public and other good natural form. which will not be saved, and in order to pay their natural virtues. As to the supernatural goods, for example, are jakiemi faith and the grace of repentance, no act of natural virtue of their merit can not. These free goods that God gives, which deigns to choose: but the choice of his fall mostly on those who turned out to be the least worthy, and theologians teach that God is that which fulfill his duties, he never denied the supernatural grace that opens the heavens. More May, therefore, thank God, those who belong to the number of elected, rather than others, but nobody has the right to complain.
As for the nations and societies, it is because they do not live in eternity, the throne of God because all the elect are only one family, therefore, properly speaking can not be claimed that they received a penalty or reward in innem life. But you do not need to believe that good materyalne were jedynemi goods which God grants some family or nation. One of the most beautiful prizes for them glory and honor to serve as a tool to carry out great goals and intentions of God. Moreover, families and nations are established for the convenience of individuals representing them. And therefore, the greatest good for them is to produce a virtuous people and saints nadewszystko. Finally, if they tend to be exceptions to this rule, making it difficult to guess, it is no less true, however, is that nations, respecting and fulfilling the religious virtues, justice, temperance, etc., in those same virtues are far more moral forces on even the same order materyalnego than the wicked wyrachowaniach and brute force.
As regards the generality of mankind once again, it must be admitted that, until now, most of the nations which it has lived a distance from prawdy. Jakież więc mogą być tego przyczyny? Trzeba ich szukać przedewszystkiem w grzechu, którym ludzkość cała oddaliła się od Boga w osobie pierwszego naszego rodzica. Odkąd krew Chrystusowa odkupiła wszystkich, których był Adam zatracił, większa ilość ludów poznała prawdę i wstąpiła na drogę zbawienia. Ale czemuż to zwycięstwo religii prawdziwej nie było prędsze i zu- pełniejsze? Niestety, tego wiedzieć nie możemy, gdyż nie znamy przeznaczeń, jakie Bóg zachowuje dla ludzkości. Możemy jednak zauważyć, że Opatrzność, zarówno tu jak wszędzie, więcej allowed to act causes a secondary, rather than herself is confused by the placement of miracles. We do not doubt, therefore, that God had not ever get good from evil and bring light from darkness. After the fall of herezyi, racyonalizm today too many screaming children at the hands of their mother, the Church of St., But God makes at the same time somewhere in remote countries, as many are born every day, and maybe more children's church, rather than a lie and a mistake will be able to grab them from among us for himself. (JMA Vacant).
XWS
divine providence is-a plan, provided by which God governs the world and leads him to his goals. But is there that such a providence? Does God governs the world, when it once created? But these governments Christmas over the world and relate only to the general purpose of the universe, or extend to every species of beings, every creature, every phenomenon? -It is the first question that we must respond.
We have, however, and the second is like. God brought the world out of nothing, in order to fulfill his goodness by filling their gifts to create, that is the purpose of the universe (now Article. Creation). So, if there is a providence, or should arrange everything for this purpose, a tera same token on the board of the world should be revealed God's goodness more than any other attribute of God, the world and should develop before our eyes alone goodness of God. So how is evil on earth? This is the second issue that we need to solve.
I. Providence Is there, or extends to all creatures and all their actions?
pointing forward relevant errors, and explain the interpretation thereof before the Catholic doctrine, of Providence, we prove its existence, as it will show in what manner the action agrees with the action of creatures.
I. Errors. - Ci which rejects the existence of God, do not recognize the same token, his Providence tem: their complaints responded to in Article. God. Providence also deny that those who believe God's action. it unnecessary for the development of the world, these are mostly ewolucyoniści for which the forces and laws of nature sąjedynemi działajacemi causes in the world. Racyonaliści again, if not abolish completely, then at least very limited Providence, based on the principle of having laws of nature and the independence of our free will, including the way they want to fight the existence or the possibility of miracles; the efficacy of prayer and participation of God in our actions.
the contrary, again, another type of error contradicts the creatures in the world and God himself just looking for the only cause of all phenomena that are happening in the universe. Yes soot panteiści (now Article. Pantheism), but they themselves succumbed to this error. It also reiterated Malebranche and supporters okazyonalizmu. Indeed Okazyonalizm makes God the only cause of being all things and creatures considered to be specimens only, and not the cause of true causal effects of the creatures that we assign. According to this theory, when a worker Rabie tree ax, and then burn them. then there is a worker, nor his ax, fire, or boil these effects, but God himself is sprawiałby cracking trees and replacing it on the ashes-it-yourself He just has to be the perpetrator of everything that happens in the world. Just the same, some heretics, sacrificing due honor our free will in deed worthy of salvation, they thought that the mere grace of God produces in us do so without any of our well known współpracownictwa.
II. Lecture and explanation of Catholic doctrine.
Catholic doctrine supposes in all the activities of creatures of God and the simultaneous operation of these creatures. The creatures are prawdziwemi causes of their actions, but only causes drugorzędnemi, that is, they operate their own power, however, that the Creator has given and preserved, and which 'is always influenced by the cause of the first.
Creator is the first cause of everything that is happening in the world. Not only that causes secondary receive from Him all that is their strength, but also that from Him they are what makes them work, a word of his action pass them from potency to act. For example, a bird to sing, you not only need to receive from God the organs of the body, wherewith it is endowed with, but also that still need to God, the first cause, made it to this bird could these organs of the body in motion and to fit taz cause cooperated with him, and let his voice be heard. Nothing in the world, even our actions, ideas, can not escape from the action of God, which permeates everything!
Let us add, moreover, that the God of all ages down to the finest details provides everything there will be in the running time. Well, because all things in this way depend on God, and have been provided by him before the creation, God has spread all either in nature or in life, behavior and history of individual people, societies and humanity, and creates a time and can produce everything arranged their plans for achieving the objectives that you ticked.
If our enemies understand the difficulty of this doctrine, it happens mostly to the fact that they do not understand how God works by his providence.
do not need to remember that in God there is only one eternal act, always the same, but which has the power to make the creatures - when you want - all the upheaval and all the transformations that pre-decided. It would mean that evil is understood the action of God, none in God, he thought any changes were similar to those that happen to us if anything we operate. God is not changing as we do, it produces in us all these changes the strength of his will invariable, eternal, infinite.
You do not have to imagine then, that the action of God interfere with the action of creatures. Not at all; creatures are real-I causes all their operations. This fire is burning, a bird sings, the free will of man free to decide anything, but God is the eternal efficacy of their decrees generates heat in the fire, singing bird and the provisions in our free will. Finally
gullies believed none believed that God the way we understand a whole lot of phenomena that follow each other here on earth. We create a limited, unable to think of each of these events separately, combine them in a certain whole, having one and the same characteristics. In this way we distinguish between families, species and genera, of which individual features can be found in by every selfhood, part of their acting. Likewise, we define the law, these same phenomena are realized at the same conditions. If we were to each individual being unable to refer to a species or genus, every individual phenomenon to some law, it is impossible-that we were in this universe to recognize the infinite variety of beings and phenomena, it would be impossible to understand or predict the development of world events, jakieby should become some under certain conditions. Thus we would not have neither the knowledge nor art, nor the industry, like the mindless animals, or even smaller, because we do not have those instincts, which they dozwalają avoid dangers, among which they live. - Each and every being, therefore, that we must refer to some laws, especially when you want to master the nature of our industry and force me to carry out our intentions. For example, raising his from a fact, the concept of general laws, under the general laws are marked roads, which are holding up the creation of a variety of phenomena, which cause or are witnesses. - But no, we believe our weak notions of concepts of God! God has a mind without boundaries. Therefore sees everything at once, without confusion and without fatigue - all creatures and all their activities until the 'smallest detail, nor does he need to deploy, it podług genera and species, or to make realize the general laws, which disposes performance. God could arrange the world the great multitude of entities, each of which would create a separate species, and would be subject to the laws of an entirely separate, with the full might of the probably derive some surprising results. But he liked to create the world differently, to create for the species, which comes a lot of individuals similar to themselves and mark the creatures of the general law, which are all being, endowed with the same qualities tymiż, retain, and in one and the same conditions. This therefore gave the universe the way, a distinct beauty, which is born of the wondrous unity, realizing the wonderful variety. In this way, by means of nature that permit the man to examine its strengths and become a king. But the
if a man for carrying out the creeping development has to resort to general laws, so it's obviously not going to God. Poorly pojmowałby Providence, none wanted to restrict it to exercise general laws, and its possible fulfillment odmawiałby anything, he told these laws is opposed. Providence refers to the details, and because of these details is the general law of the will of God there.
first consequence of these laws is that God for some higher good may from time to time to produce phenomenon that is inconsistent with these ogólnemi rights. (Now Article. Cuda).
Innem again corollary is that the general laws of the world are only an expression of divine Providence, that Providence is manifested by the mere exercise of those general laws, and that despite that same Providence that works in a different manner in every essence, which permits the target to achieve its distinct and which also contributes to the overall good of the universe.
III. Proving the existence of Providence.
for the existence of providence, as we have seen, is necessary and sufficient so as not to in the world has not incompatible with the plan, what God wanted for centuries the power of his will to the best, regardless of whether he used for the realization of his plan drugorzędnemi causes, or was its intervention on the grounds Temi. . Well, we have two ways to prove the existence of this Providence. We can show either on the basis of that wonderful view, which is developing before our eyes the whole universe, or on the basis of our message about the existence and attributes of God, but most will see the existence of Providence when, with both proving Herewith we compare those methods.
Zapewne, że porządek istniejący na świecie wystarcza do udowodnienia istnienia jakiegoś wyższego rozumu, który to wszystko urządza. Ale granice wiedzy naszej nie dozwalają, nam ogarnąć wszystkich zgodności wszechświata, a uczony, który nie zna Boga, nie zawsze może rozróżnić, czy ta zgodność, którą dostrzegamy, z konieczności przypuszcza plan z góry powzięty, czy też jest ona tylko poprostu mechanicznym wynikiem sił przyrody. Niemniej jednakże, świat nam przedstawia - jeśli nie w jestestwach prostych, to przynajmniej w jestestwach złożonych, zwłaszcza w organizmach żyjących, pewne kombinacye and a certain order, which seeks to order apparently preconceived and who believes that a wise builder sets in motion a blind force, being in the universe. It also confirms the existence of the apologists of the existence of God, infinitely wise Providence, who chairs the order of the world (now Article. God).
too, miracles, prophecy, and all God's complicity. okazujący after the laws of nature, proves the existence of Providence, he states that God acts in the world and achieves its goals it means, what he likes, but the reality, however, these facts is reliable, as we proved it elsewhere (now Article. Cuda. Church of Prophecy), it does not include her, those who reject the truth, about which we were involved.
Alrighty, then we will refer to our innate knowledge of God and His attributes, in order for such evidence to supplement and find that providence extends to everything here on earth. And, indeed, not difficult to prove that everything that exists, there is a way of creation, that God is the author, is also easy to say that every creature maintains its existence only through will of God, because this will be labeled as the qualities of both the duration of each being. This too can be said that keeping natures of God is the constant of their creation. And indeed, the dependence of creatures from his Creator is not lower after its formation, than was the moment when they received there, and one and the same act of power and the will of God brought them out of nothing, and keeps being. It is also true that nothing real is not produced in the world, he told there was no effect of God's will: she is in fact granted, and constantly keeps his creatures everything in them is siłę i działalność. Bóg zatem wykonywa całą swą zwierzchniczą władzę nad wszystkimi bytami i nad wszystkimi ich czynami, nawet najbardziej wolnymi, i to nie tylko w tem znaczeniu, że zakreśla prawa, jakich te byty trzymać się winny, lecz także w tem znaczeniu, że jest On przyczyną, sprawcą tego wszystkiego, co jest rzeczywiste w tych bytach i w ich czynnościach, i że On ułożył całość świata, włączając te ich czynności do swoich planów. Przy pomocy zatem swej Opatrzności, z pod której się nic nie usuwa, rządzi Bóg jestestwami nieżyjącemi i żyjacemi, istotami wolneini, the various peoples and all humanity. It also "know God, says Bossuet (Traite de Libre Arbitre. Ch. III) as a being who knows everything, which provides everything that takes care of everything, which makes what he wants with hers, and the creatures which they should relate all the events of the world . If this is the order of divine providence did not include the creation of free, it odejmowałoby its power of what is most brilliant in the universe, it is rational creatures. "
" But whether he can not say that the dependence of the creature should extend only to the very things that are, not to the manner and form of their being? - God forbid you can not say this, because the ways and forms of being, the temperature in them belongs to the same being, must necessarily come from the first Being. For example, that there is such a body shape or that there is such a pozycyi, it is certainly the existence of a thing for sure is that the body has such a system because the system is in it czemś true and real, because for his first reason should have a general cause of all that is.
"And when he says that God is the cause of everything that is, the aim of reducing the sentence to substancyi alone to the exclusion of their mode of being, it would be necessary to say that in reality only the bodies come from God, but no movements of those bodies, or their conditions existence nor their various devices, which, after a, the whole world order.
"Since the need for there to be a creator of conditions and the equipment of certain bodies that make up the stars and elements, how you think that there was no need for that same artist odnosić warunków i urządzeń, które się dostrzega między ludźmi, to znaczy: ich towarzystwa, ich państwa, ich wzajemnych zależności, na czem przecież polega cały porządek rzeczy ludzkich?
„Tak więc sam rozum okazuje, że nie tylko każde jestestwo samo przez się istniejące, ale każdy porządek jestestw musi pochodzić od Boga, i że, tem bardziej jeszcze, porządek rzeczy ludzkich musi od Boga pochodzić, ponieważ bowiem stworzenia wolne są bezwatpienia najszlachetniejszą cząstką wszechświata, przeto najbardziej na to zasługują, aby Bóg niemi rządził.”
So everything: both the law of the physical world, provided by the stars move in space, as the laws governing these movements, transformations and chemical composition of physical bodies, the laws governing the birthing, development and disappearance of individuals and species in the plant kingdom and the kingdom jzwierzęcem, instincts, which we admire in insects, the birds and all living beings, human reason, the law, which are formed by our thoughts and our free acts, our knowledge, inventions, art, our conduct, the order of society, the lives of individuals and associations, development peoples, passing the scene of the world, the elevation of humanity to the supernatural, the incarnation of Christ the Lord, our redemption, the proceedings of the Church in all ages, some everlasting happiness - in short, everything is in its own way the fulfillment of the highest will of the Almighty.
"Do not talk, therefore, says Bossuet (Discours sur 1'Histoire unwerselle, liv. III. Ch. VIII), do not talk anymore about the case, fate, or just talk about it, as the name, which we cover our niewiadomość "" What a coincidence to our uncertain intentions, it is ordered plan the higher the intention, the intention is in this century, which embraces all causes and all effects in one and the same order of things. This way, everything tends to one and the same goal. "
Wherever not involved somehow being free, everything is subject to the laws of nature, and these rights are only a plan that God has ticked materyalnemu world. Will turn away from that as an absolute determinism, not less, however, even the most content of their actions so far, it is effectively the influence of God, surely that finally does what he has foreseen.
Bossuet'a still listen, which was like a cornered mind Providence (ibid): "This long chain of individual reasons, which makes and breaks the state depends on the secret orders of divine Providence. From the heights of heaven, God holds the reins of all the kingdoms, all the heart holds your hand in her impurity, passion, pauses again, then again let go their bits, and thus moves the entire human race. If you want to make winners, fear makes biedź before them, and they themselves and their soldiers to give the spirit of invincible courage. If lawmakers want to do, sends them to the spirit of wisdom and prudence; orders to prevent them disasters, threatening the state, and set up the foundations of public peace. He knows far reaching human wisdom, enlighten me, then, expands its horizons, and then leaves it in her own ignorance, blinded her, turns and stirring: if it winds up, mixed up and lost in their own subtleties, and its own care sometimes, sometimes its toils. In this way, exercised their God awful podług courts always infallible principles of His justice, He is preparing the reasons for the effects of very remote and it works so strongly that the consequences of this action go very far! That same Providence also distributes a supernatural grace to people who lead them to salvation, they performed against their kindness, mercy or justice, and it passes the time of trial, punishes sinners and rewards the merits of the saints forever. She listens to it every day of our prayers, and his intentions and his command is manifested by the prophecy, revelation, and miracles. "
IV. Which way to Providence agrees with the action of creatures.
The question is whether this action of God that all things of the world leads, abolishes the therapeutic effects same token creatures? We said above that so many thought. Racyonaliści Some believe that Providence will not work if the act creating the contrary okkazyonaliści again insisted that wherever providence works, it causes secondary to disappear. Proponents of these systems, a kind of wyobraziwszy quarrel between God and creatures, the court invoked its return and was sentenced, pursuant to which: racyonaliści locked in a tight Providence boundaries and brought her the most to the utter powerlessness, and peeled okkazyonaliści creation of any causality.
To refute the theory of these will be enough to note that Providence manifests itself in both the secondary effect of natural causes, as in the works of the supernatural, and that the dispute, which some people imagine, does not exist and can not exist.
And indeed, in the world, we can distinguish five types of facts: the fact lo natural, independent of the free will of creatures, 2-a natural fact, dependent on the free will of each individual unit; 3-0 social phenomena and events historical, involving the wiele oddzielnych wól wolnych i przyczyn bezwolnych, 4-0 skutki modłów, wysłuchanych przez Boga, 5-o cuda, objawienia i inne dzieła, których stworzenia nie mogą naturalnym sposobem wytworzyć, a któiych Bóg jest jedynym sprawcą.
l-o Działanie Opatrzności w wydarzeniach naturalnych, które nie zależą od wolnej woli stworzeń. - Zagadnienie to jest najłatwiejsze odnośnie do skutków naturalnych, nie podlegających wolnej woli stworzeń. Wszystkie te skutki wytwarzają się w sposób stały i zgodny z pewnemi określonemi prawami. Nauka przypisuje te skutki stworzeniom bezwolnym, których participation is a necessary condition for the achievement of these effects.
okkazyonaliści Although Malebranche and denied that the creatures were actually causes these effects, but this error is a long time before, "said St. temperature. Thomas Aquinas. Since substancya creatures have a real existence, but dependent on God, and because these creatures are only by the strength of which receive from God and by his participation, too much yet, because all creatures operations fall within the scope of the plan, which God has chosen for centuries and how by these creatures, and together with them is realized, and therefore also their activity is no less real and effective.
wszystkłem After the temperature is impossible to understand how these can be. rights complaint against the natural look of divine Providence, because these laws are an expression of a providential plan, circled jestestwom, the rights of those subsidiaries. It is impossible to understand how it can be assumed that our study did not agree with the discoveries of modern knowledge, when we question the findings can only further wtajemniczyć the knowledge of this wonderful plan.
vain we also oppose risky teorye ewolucyonizmu and transformizmu (Now the Article.), Because even though they have been proven, and in that case is still mean it's just that they express certain rights which God has ticked the universe.
Any development would, therefore, the phenomena of this world, Providence is a dogma which must necessarily be adopted, because the development in question depends on the content of the provisions which God gave for centuries, and the creation of any reason peeled, unwittingly wykonywają.
2-for action of Providence in the liberal provisions of the units. - Free acts are also human and divine providence in the fall eternal plan, which God himself has ticked. It requested the sorts of the heretics, that those acts are not free, atolls, Catholic teaching has always maintained that the partnership of God and His eternal judgments leaves, or rather give them complete freedom of human acts. "Nothing, says Bossuet (Traite du libre Arbitre ch. IV), can not entitle us to doubt these two important truths, and because the second one and prove that such data, which we can not deny. Whoever knows God, can doubt that his Providence, as well as omniscience does not extend to for everything, and whoever thought to slightly over himself, with such visibility will know their freedom, that nothing could overshadow the concepts and feelings, what about the freedom of his has, and will see clearly that these two things: freedom of the will and providence of God , so necessary for reasons based, can not thwart a second ... Instead, therefore, undermine one of the other, we should keep our thoughts so that nothing zaciemniało very distinct idea what any of them have. I would not be surprised if we do not know how to reconcile very well with each other. Indeed it would come from the fact that we would not know how God is leading our freedom - for that is not us, but his concerns, and the secret of the Lord God himself could zastrzedz, not doing harm to us. "
secret is the mystery of who tried to shed some light two famous theological systems: Thomists and Molinist. Podług Thomists, God moves our free will in action, making it not necessary, however; podług Molinist and, God, in order to achieve their objectives. the things of the world wszystkiemi board takes on the disposition our will to know, and this will free provision, which provides for centuries, because sanitation is the time abroad, and the future, present and past are one and him czemś tem Sam.
Yet neither one nor the other system does not solve the problems completely:
We recognize, therefore, that difficulty does exist, but does not say that the doctrine of Providence was opposed to the science of liberty, we say that we do not know how to learn from these two each match, and this includes the secret order of those that we withhold if we want to say the last word the truths of the most proven.
Bossuet, wyliczywszy lot of truths which are obvious, some pages show up in full view, and the others remain in shadow, thus concludes: "When we take the reasoning, we should first take for unquestionable that we can in a very sure to know many things, such, in which however we do not understand all the interdependencies and all the consequences. Hence-it goes this first principle of logic that you should never have abandoned the truths of time are already known, any zdarzałaby the difficulty in reconciling them with themselves, but on the contrary, we must always, so to speak, that the strong hold the two ends of the chain, although not always considered to be a measure which way to pass the intermediate cells "(Ibid).
3-o action of Providence in the phenomena of social and historical circumstances in which the fugitive is not a lot of freedom and other causes. - If God can weave free actions of each individual unit in the providential plan, which directs the development of the universe, how much is him pulling możliwsze This same plan in all cases and all social phenomena, Thread forming historyi peoples and of humanity! After all, even the politicians of men, whose eyes in comparison with the infinite knowledge of God so far back, too, the same events are able to provide any, and the lead! And the reason for these accidents is usually a great amount of ox-free, and the crowd making it the largest number of units will undoubtedly passions, which the crowd hurl, or what one could to awaken the heart of these units.
therefore wrongly accuse our opponents of Catholic historians for historical fatalism that these pragmatic historians see in the history of nations to fulfill God's intentions. Sometimes wrongly assume that the Catholic teaching that God assigns the management of states and nations, requires that God has worked at any time to give it another run accident, than that which they have-by due to the combined action of human free will and the conditions under which the This will draw, as well, that God came down from the path of historical figures and peoples, which govern these events. God, who knows the ages of people dispositions and their most secret thoughts, for which the most complicated calculations plaything of politicians are a simple, God is, say, can be accomplished in the history of his plans, people act dozwalając podług their passions and interests, and guiding them unerringly to its target after these roads, which bring their natural way of accidents. Providence, therefore, no more forcing God to a more direct going into the development of humanity, rather than the development of the solar system. After all, God gave mankind the right as much as they gave the stars, just as spread out all the circumstances in which he was born to preach, live and die conquerors, legislators, philosophers, scientists, those who had come to the womb of societies and peoples to create, to argue about ownership of land, and prepared all the elements that have taken supply of matter celestial bodies, planets and solar system. So it does not bother God has already determined in advance of human development and the procession of the planets. People only themselves wykonywają plans, God freely, while Matera satisfies them passively. This too, however, sometimes gets into a different God in the development of the world, that's mostly governed by the laws of the nations he only once established. Nobody will not be surprised when you read what we have said about the manner in which God used to listen to our prayers (now ar. Prayer), and when I remind myself that God podług Catholic doctrine for the Church najprzedziwniejszy of his privileges, the privilege of infallibility, not . participation by any miracle, but only by a simple asystencyę, dozwalającą act natural causes, arranging everything in such a way that niedopuścić error in the teaching of the Pope and all bishops. Those who examine historyi philosophy, political economy and social sciences, be able to discover certain rights of society, tribes, peoples and all mankind, and these rights are only just an expression of God's providential plan.
4th Providence of God and the efficacy of prayer. All we ask God to take account of the plan, provided by whom the world is developing. Allegations raised concerning the efficacy of prayer is served in a separate article in prayer.
5th action of Providence in miracles, in the revelations, the prophecies, and other similar supernatural works. - Works of God are prepared without any participation of secondary causes. In other places the "Dictionary" prove (now Article. Cuda), that these supernatural works are feasible and that perfectly match the qualities and bożemi In other works.
Therefore we confine ourselves here only to mention the supernatural works fall within the providential plan which God has chosen from all eternity. Even the first place is, they are in it, because God has called all people to the supernatural. This is also the words of St. podług. Paul, God does everything for his chosen. For this is the Jewish people and the Catholic Church, despite the little ones of materyalnych, occupy such a big place in the history of the world. Not surprisingly, therefore, that podług revelations, the work of the prophets, God was then shattered huge monarchies to keep the people of Israel and to prepare for sowing the Gospel of the countries that adopt it first Gospels were.
II. Is there is nothing good in this world, and how the existence of evil in agreement with the best action of Providence?
I. The question of the existence of evil in the world.
Nothing can not evade the action of Providence, as we have shown above it. Moreover, God created and maintains the world only to redress his goodness and to give something finite creatures of the goods that they are in His infinite essence (now art-creation "). I think. And that, of these principles can be inferred that here in the world everything is good and that evil can not exist here.
Unfortunately, the experience does not agree with the conclusion that reasoning. Bad characters in tysiącznemi exists in the world. We are not talking about the evil that I have called metaphysical is the lack of absolute perfection in creation: but no, this is not evil creatures by nature limited, it would be wrong only in God. It's too bad common human reason does not include the metaphysical real misery. But the evil which is a real lack, which recognizes the reality of the world presents to us in many forms and rozlicznemi. Tem are evil creeping in all the imperfections that they do not suit their purpose dozwalają; natures endowed with sensitivity is-that sorrow, in creeping is rational and free-to sin or violation of duty; evil tem is even more a part zadowolnienia or suffering, inappropriate to the merits of individuals, societies and nations.
II. Poor solution to the problem.
This view of evil that hinders the spread of good in the world, has led to the thinking of many sects, that God is not only the first beginning of all things. Once for God, because they invented some element of the eternal, who attributed the formation of a wrong. Such is the theory professed by Manichean dualism.
sense of countless suffering, overflowing the existence of animals and humans has given rise to another dziwaczniejszemu still error, pessymizmowi. This doctrine, formulated by the house had long-Dimas, has found adherents among contemporary philosophers in Germany. Give it a separate article. (Now Article. "Pessymizm). And here is enough to say that teorya pessymizmu believes that generally the sufferings experienced in the world, is infinitely greater than the general prosperity, which thread the existence of beings .. Thus, according to pessymistów, there will be evil, and the root of everything he had to give it existence for unieszczęśliwienia these entities, rather than to produce them his goodness.
contrary again, provided by the opinion of optimists, the world is to be as good, due to the fact that the wisdom of God leads him to put the universe of all perfection and all the good that creatures are able to adopt. Learning that he delivered Leibnitz, and even among contemporary philosophers find its supporters: Francis Bouillier, having written before the defense des sciences philosophiques Dictionaire, Art. Optimism, this gives her summary: "As the highest degree wise, yet extremely powerful, God can not not to make the best, world, therefore, as the work of His hands, should be the best of all possible worlds. But the best of all worlds, God acts perpetrated against which reveals, is the best in terms of all things, and not in terms of the details of these, the best due to the universe, and not because of the separate worlds or distinct species of beings, it is best not relating to the creation of such, what it is, but to that which it continually happens, the total, with all nieokreślonemi progress, which the germ that world contains. Regard today's world for the best, steady and unmoving, it would-to put the boundaries of the omnipotence of God, God is worthy of only the only the best of all worlds, which no degree of perfection, no degree of time or space is not restricted. "
Also Malebranche believed that the world created by God, should be the best possible, but the philosopher oratoryański rerouted the highest perfection of the incarnation of the Son of God, that is the source of the supernatural.
III. The real solution to this problem.
said already elsewhere (now Article. God, Creation), the eternal root of things is unique, and that temperature must be rejected Sam Manichaean dualism, to which we add further that the universally accepted doctrine of the Catholic Church says that in reality the world is good, but that it is not best possible, and especially that God, when he decided to create, in a multitude of possible creatures have the freedom to choose those that liked him, bringing into existence.
IV. Evidence that the world must not be the best possible.
l evidence. We prove in the article Creation, that God brought the world out of nothingness, there being no need for the forced, and that for wytłómaczenia act of creation is enough to create a piece received some being created ..., said that, each particle being created is in itself good.
second Plea optimists. In the name of Leibniz's optimism, Francis Bouillier makes such a plea science of complete freedom in choosing the natures of God, more or less good, they decided to create. "This doctrine, he says (ibid.), form only differs from indifferent freedom Duns Scot, and the same brand reaches conclusions. And indeed, there no middle ground between optimism and freedom, with all its iudyferentną fraud. If there is a better world from the position of God's will, then stocks immediately apparent that the will of God is indifferent to any motive, and that at every opportunity it can be equally decisive for or against. Thus, any consideration of the cause of purposeful, the order and wisdom, then it must give way not only in physics but also in metaphysics, since we have no assurance that God is translated as wiser over what is less clever, and order over disorder. You will have to believe that God could and that still may do just the opposite to what he did, change the bad into good and error in the truth. "
third The answer to the charge of optimists.
answer, then, that although his tastes podług God created all being, he could not do what is in itself impossible, or contradictory, and the temperature same token, there are certain rights, from which he could not release the creatures, and they are that emerged from the very essence divine, the principle that one and the same thing can not both be and not to be.
Under this principle, all creatures should be present depending on God, because to be created, ie the same as for the existence, dependent on the will of God. Under the same "principle of opposites, all creatures should have a piece there that is good, because what does not is something, can not exist. Finally, always on the basis of that principle, as long as each establishment should retain its istotowe property until he maintains the existence of God, because it can not forfeit these qualities, while not ceasing to exist. For this it was God in the creation of things can not change bad into good, or error in the truth.
These are so right that God, even according to Duns Scot, from the need to keep the production and preservation of the world. But these rights apply equally to all beings possible, the better, both as to the less good, and the temperature was allowed to God the same token, better leave beings in the void, and the existence of beings to give less good. God was thus able to create a world in which entities would be less, and the same token, temperature and less perfection than our today's world. God has no need of creatures for the full of his own nature he is a word and meet all of its attributes.
wisdom of God appears to him all possible worlds; permits the omnipotence of Him they realize that he wants, from among all those worlds and he liked to create our world. Let us judge not atolls to external works as God gave us wisdom and power of God, because what's done can not be the measure of what is infinite. However, if our world was possibly the best, if he is in such a impose a creative way of God's will that she-would not be able to create a better world from him, then the world today would give wisdom and power as God, and such claim would lead us to the view that the world today is no less infinite, or less necessary than God, yes understood optimism otwierałby gates pantheism.
For the same reasons I do not dictate to God the Incarnation, as the indispensable complement to the creatures of excellence, is also optimistic Malebranche'a opposes the teaching of Catholic theology.
V. Evidence that the world is good, despite the evil that happened to meet him.
first first source of excellence, diversity and interdependence of natures. - God could create only one entity is not subject to change; could also create selves without the interaction of one to the other. In meadows creation there would be no order, because the expected order of unity in diversity, but it would not be and disorder, because disorder is sometimes just where it should be in order. God decided to create their atolls creatures under different conditions: he wanted namely, to provide not only being, but also that the ability to develop and impact on other entities. At the same time and wanting to give the creatures only a very limited participation in its perfections and its power, multiply them up to form a number of multiple species, and each species has enriched a lot of individuals that live in jestestwach go through several transformations. In this way, when every creature is revealed to us cośkolwiek of excellence and power of God, the intellect and wisdom of God manifest themselves chiefly in the miraculous effects resulting from actions skombinowanych the multiple natures. We lack the space here to highlight the compatibility of all creation. Well, however, will recall at least some of these miracles, and then explain the origin of evil in this world.
Creation, before the eyes naszemi scattered, made up of four kingdoms, some of the latter subject, and thus arranged according to the higher selves with hers odrębnemi combine the properties of ownership, common to all representatives of the lower realms. These four kingdoms are-are: mineral kingdom, made up of beings, deprived of their authority to develop , and temperature and the same token, life, plant kingdom, consisting of living natures that are developing, but they are peeled from all sensory; animal kingdom, consisting of living and sentient beings, but with no reason and freedom; ki'ólestwo human, complex of living beings, sentient, rational and free, representatives of the latter are endowed with the kingdom, power, extending to everything: they dispose of the forces of nature almost podług their pleasure, they are able to know God and His infinite qualities, they even have power to waive the the laws of justice and virtue, with which they are assigned, so that acting freely, they are the real cause of a good thing to do. Moreover, faith teaches us that the temperature over the human realm, there are hierarchies of angels, the spirits pure complex. That same faith tells us that the creation of rational and free, men and angels, are called to the supernatural life, which is a mysterious complicity in the very life of God, and forming a separate order after the natural order of things.
Well all being, included in the mentioned major divisions, thus influence each other one on the creatures that seem to be more wydziedziczonemi, participate in the work of those creatures that occupy the first rank, as also that the supreme beings can flourish only with the participation of the least perfect beings. Thus, plants can live only adopting the substance of plants and other animals, man needs the body, similar to the animals' body to his soul something reasoned and decided rather freely, the supernatural life of grace is inoculated with the birthright of our lives and life transforms the elements does not undermining them. A light, non-substancyą itself, but simply a random order materyalnego owned, it operates on our vision and puts us in a communication with the stars, krążącemi at infinite distance from the ground. So this way, being and causes the most minor deal for its major effects in the greatest works of creation, and despite their constant play and very diverse, all these causes of the extraordinary unity of harmony with one another., So that they come down weird stuff, which we ourselves witnessed we are.
jestestwami In this plan, wytwarzającemi directly works perfect, are those being, to be utilized much complicity secondary causes, and because those works are the supreme aim of these beings, therefore, are higher selfhood, in the numerous secondary causes of the measures are essential to achieving its purpose. It is not without basis pozytywistowscy philosophers formulated this law: that selfhood is perfect because of their ability rozliczność, the authorities and organs of the body. While the excellence of created a selfhood does not follow from the fact of the complexity of these activities, since most perfect our actions, such as our courts and our actions are free or very simple, and produce only the rational side of our soul, but our world is the way it is fashioned, that a great number of reasons for preparing the finest action and activities of these is sometimes provided: hence it follows that the supreme selfhood usually tend to be organized so that the largest number of action are the reasons. In other words, since the goal of higher creatures in our world is the visible perfect, God has given them more resources to achieve this goal, for that God also had to equip them in numerous capacities. This is also the man who is the king of creation on earth, is meant in its measures, it dozwalające utilize all the forces that we earth hides in itself. Hence, to take this constant and ever increasing advances in the field, industry and inventions.
2-o. The second source of excellence: the constancy of the laws of nature.
Innem source of excellence for our world, the world such as that created by God is the constancy of natural laws jestestwach insane.
With this stability we are confident that everywhere and always in the same circumstances recur, the same phenomenon. This constancy gives us the opportunity to predict the effects that are beget of certain forces in the game made by nature or by our ingenuity, constancy, this permits the us to avoid the dangers threatening us, and conquer all living and inanimate selves into our will.
Stability is also is not without some benefit to the life and behavior of animals, however, because a blind instinct of dumb rules, and although they are only podnietom pleasure or pain, it reminds them of their memories of comfort, or what it has brought them to this cause. So flee or avoid the cause, or whether it resulted in them suffering or pleasure, you see, because the laws of nature are constant and the same cause always produces the same effect, because those animals in these purely sensory poddawaniach from memory and nawyknieniach, that these repeated subjecting them produced, are very serious measures conduct themselves and their species.
also easy to understand that because the plants are anchored to the ground, from which arose, and that the temperature same token, they can not go look elsewhere for poniyślniejszych for his life and development conditions, therefore, but from other creatures, they need to make these favorable conditions ensured the stability properties of the natural environment. in which they develop. So
constancy of natural laws, not less as a variety of beings, contributes to the perfection of this world, thanks to this variety because of the constancy selfhood are higher in lower jestestwach indispensable aids to achieving its goal.
3-o. The third source of excellence: the sentimentality of man and animal. - In addition to the complexity of the organs of the body and their means of cognition, the need was even higher jestestwom a separate zdolości, któraby prompted them to avoid what it away from their goal, and to seek what is the purpose of that it brings. This ability is a separate animal or a feeling of vulnerability, (appetitus sensitimis), which allows them to experience pleasure or pain, where, as objects with which these animals are of any communication, respond or not respond to their needs.
4-0. The fourth source of excellence, intelligence and free will, man. The sensitivity of feeling that is accompanied by human reason and free will. Free will put us over our sensitivity stimuli and permits the data podług us to operate our minds. With free will we avoid determinism owed over all jestestwami, forcing them to serve our purpose by his own tastes, and, finally, we operate with this total independence, which all our acts, gives moral value, they will not ever have a work resulting from the fatalistic blind forces of nature games. Thus, our actions are virtuous and deserving, and give us the right to happiness. From this it follows that blessed immortality, we will enjoy the Saints, will not only be a supernatural work of God, but also the work of the hands of their own, and the crown owed their virtue.
5-o. Evil born mostly in the four sources of excellence of the world. - Excellence, therefore, various natures, from which the world is fashioned, mainly derived from four causes: lo of diversity and interdependence of creeping; 2-for the constancy of natural laws; 3-o of sensation or sensitivity of the animals; 4-for with reason and free will of man. From the constancy of the laws of nature-and the resulting interdependence of creatures, both those atrocities, niekształtności, disease, producing in some jestestwach, such as earthquakes, floods, storms, fires and all kinds of disasters in which human life and happiness is sometimes sacrificed to the forces of blind, which the latter person can not resist. Sensitivity-that is, it is a source of animal feeling pain, without which even death itself would be regarded as leaving the values \u200b\u200bof life, not as evil in its proper sense. Finally, higher-is part of our soul, its courts, and the provisions of bad rozjaśnionymi niezależnemi too, throws us into mistakes and sins. Because so
These causes are a source of excellence of the world, and especially man, the noblest of its citizen, because they produce good reasons for an incomparably greater than the evil which is dictated, therefore, they may want to remove the causes of the world it would mean the world to keep such massive damage ..
good, therefore it providence that sustains them even if their effects are harmful to some individual jestestwom.
6-0. Evil is a great source of many goods. - Anyway, all the world is so arranged as, that there were no separate bad one, with no apparent któregoby some good greater than that which is evil is the lack of it. Niewiadomość our often does not allow us to understand this, but clearly we see everywhere is cheap, where scientific research has shed any light.
impossible to doubt the temperature in relation to the world materyalnego. We saw above that, without the constancy of natural laws of both man and animals could not żyćby. When the grim consequences of these rights are lost any living creature when you deprive them of a body organ or any consolation, it deprives They are only the existence of goods which it owed to the same laws. Let us add, moreover, that the fear of the dangers jakiemi physical nature threatens us, sometimes one of the most effective stimulation of knowledge and human industry. If God wanted to transform our world today, if in this way calculate the effects of the rights established by that person on their part had nothing to suffer, then the person making any surrounded by security, not omieszkałby forfeit all profits which, thanks to the action of his mind, and soon the whole of humanity ujrzanoby fullest plunged into ignorance, najbezwstydniejszej sloth in the most humiliating and immorality.
Likewise, and for the same reasons, sorrow, combined with sensory deprivation of property right, sometimes the cause of our activity and our spiritual greatness. This, even if it were generally creeping sorrows of living was higher than that generally their pleasure, pain would be even good, because it is a condition of the goods of higher order than good sense. But the pleasure is in all beings place far more significant than pain (Now Article. Pessymizm). Besides the human grief suffered by virtue ... receives a value such that the pain that makes it one of the greatest goods of this world.
error is the same as a good source boles'ć. Fear of confusion to our attention and stimulates excites us to seek the truth.
himself only sin or moral evil we can not directly provide any benefits, but such is the condition for the good of the greatest of all, because the possibility of sin is the consequence of our free will by which najlichszy of people is the master of his acts meets virtue, deserves eternal life and contribute more glory to God, rather than all together to create unreasonable. Moreover, sin can be in us the virtues of separate source, such as repentance, and an incentive to perform duties previously neglected. If sin is rebellion against God. Yet it gives God the opportunity to demonstrate his justice and mercy nadewszystko. This is also the goodness of God, especially when we consider our redemption by Christ the Lord, seems to us more worthy of admiration for the man the sinner, rather than on the innocent. And so there could still Bóg wydobyć dobre ze złego. (Ob. art. Zło).
7-o. Wnioski: Zło nie niweczy doskonałości ogólu wszechświata. - Zło zatem nie przeszkadza dobru i doskonałości ogółu świata. I owszem przeciwnie, niedoskonałości, jakie nam przeciwnicy nasi przeciwstawiają, w pewnych poszczególnych wypadkach, wynikają. właśnie z wypełniania się praw, stanowiących piękno wszechświata. Niedoskonałości te są złem w odniesienia do jakiegoś poszczególnego jestestwa, jakie rozważamy, ale nie w odniesieniu do całości stworzenia. Jest-to złe dla drobnego zwierzęcia, ginącego in the teeth of a lion, but trzebaż to the lion find food for themselves. Is-that awful bad for a man to fall into mortal sin, but for the human race-it is the size of this formal freedom, which includes the ability to evade the laws of morality.
We might add that even among his victims always evil exists only as a case of good, that since God is the creator of whatever is in us is real, because the evil which is merely the absence of being, can not be attributed to God, especially in creatures holidays that are masters of the choice between good and evil, but These comments are superfluous metaphysical in our proof, and this is what we have said sufficiently shows that evil does not destroys the perfection of the world, and that explains the same era, and only the features of that excellence, without any need to resort to an understanding of its existence until some reason, the independent of God.
8-0. The answer to some distinct difficulties. - Despite everything, however, still remains a difficulty for us, for któraśmy has not yet given a response. Podług what we have said above, all accidents, and those that begin to happen in accordance with the laws, as well as Those that have these laws Resist!, in a word all - this is regulated by a providential plan. Did God, however, who wants to take on account all the merits and who desires the salvation of all the sons of Adam, or the God, I'm actually in this way he put the accident in order to obtain this goal a double? The pact does not seem to be proved. For, what we see in reality? Often luck smiles to those who live in the crime, while pain surrounds a virtuous human life. The grace of faith and the grace of repentance to the sky opening up, sometimes often given to what had proved unworthy of them, while it seems that they are denied to those who throughout his life, keep the commandments of natural morality.
Once again the lives of individuals go on to historyi societies podobnyż view naszemi mites before his eyes. And when we reflect on the development of all mankind, would it be able to say that historical events turn the people toward the Church of Christ? Since the beginning of the world and even from the birth of Christ the Lord the highest proportion of people live without knowing the true religion, and now racyonalizm massy floods folk belief that seemed to cover most of its lagoon.
Here in a nutshell, our answer is:
As regards individuals, it is God's mercy in her impurity does not punish all crimes, if they had followed this law, and who would dare him to do is find fault? But it rewards all the merits. Yet, only eternal life is sometimes of great prizes. From this, therefore, what we see here, impossible for us to assess the conduct of God, tera more, he admits that sometimes in this world of wealth, respect from the general public and other good natural form. which will not be saved, and in order to pay their natural virtues. As to the supernatural goods, for example, are jakiemi faith and the grace of repentance, no act of natural virtue of their merit can not. These free goods that God gives, which deigns to choose: but the choice of his fall mostly on those who turned out to be the least worthy, and theologians teach that God is that which fulfill his duties, he never denied the supernatural grace that opens the heavens. More May, therefore, thank God, those who belong to the number of elected, rather than others, but nobody has the right to complain.
As for the nations and societies, it is because they do not live in eternity, the throne of God because all the elect are only one family, therefore, properly speaking can not be claimed that they received a penalty or reward in innem life. But you do not need to believe that good materyalne were jedynemi goods which God grants some family or nation. One of the most beautiful prizes for them glory and honor to serve as a tool to carry out great goals and intentions of God. Moreover, families and nations are established for the convenience of individuals representing them. And therefore, the greatest good for them is to produce a virtuous people and saints nadewszystko. Finally, if they tend to be exceptions to this rule, making it difficult to guess, it is no less true, however, is that nations, respecting and fulfilling the religious virtues, justice, temperance, etc., in those same virtues are far more moral forces on even the same order materyalnego than the wicked wyrachowaniach and brute force.
As regards the generality of mankind once again, it must be admitted that, until now, most of the nations which it has lived a distance from prawdy. Jakież więc mogą być tego przyczyny? Trzeba ich szukać przedewszystkiem w grzechu, którym ludzkość cała oddaliła się od Boga w osobie pierwszego naszego rodzica. Odkąd krew Chrystusowa odkupiła wszystkich, których był Adam zatracił, większa ilość ludów poznała prawdę i wstąpiła na drogę zbawienia. Ale czemuż to zwycięstwo religii prawdziwej nie było prędsze i zu- pełniejsze? Niestety, tego wiedzieć nie możemy, gdyż nie znamy przeznaczeń, jakie Bóg zachowuje dla ludzkości. Możemy jednak zauważyć, że Opatrzność, zarówno tu jak wszędzie, więcej allowed to act causes a secondary, rather than herself is confused by the placement of miracles. We do not doubt, therefore, that God had not ever get good from evil and bring light from darkness. After the fall of herezyi, racyonalizm today too many screaming children at the hands of their mother, the Church of St., But God makes at the same time somewhere in remote countries, as many are born every day, and maybe more children's church, rather than a lie and a mistake will be able to grab them from among us for himself. (JMA Vacant).
XWS
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